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- <text id=91TT0427>
- <title>
- Feb. 25, 1991: A Whole Greater Than Its Parts?
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1991
- Feb. 25, 1991 Beginning Of The End
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- IDEAS, Page 71
- A Whole Greater Than Its Parts?
- </hdr><body>
- <p>American individualism draws fire from a new intellectual
- movement that re-emphasizes social obligation
- </p>
- <p>By Walter Shapiro
- </p>
- <p> The word stumbles awkwardly off the tongue, all 16 didactic
- letters, sounding like a fuzzy echo from a long-ago college
- lecture. Communitarianism. Was it a late-medieval religious
- heresy, a 19th century utopian philosophy or an aesthetic
- theory that predated socialist realism? The correct answer is
- none of the above. But if a new group of centrist academics--sociologists, political scientists and law professors--has its
- way, the term will soon take a place among the important isms
- that shape the U.S. political dialogue.
- </p>
- <p> Communitarianism, loosely defined, is a fledgling and
- provocative effort to temper the excesses of American
- individualism with a strong assertion of the rights of the
- larger society. The social tension between the citizen and the
- community in democratic theory is at least as old as the 18th
- century differences between the rights-based philosophy of
- Locke and the majoritarian beliefs of Rousseau. But few voices
- in modern American intellectual life have challenged the
- primacy of the unfettered individual. To fill this void is the
- goal of the communitarians.
- </p>
- <p> The group, under the leadership of prominent sociologist
- Amitai Etzioni, took public shape just a few weeks ago with the
- launching of a quarterly journal, Responsive Community. "To the
- A.C.L.U., libertarians and other radical individualists,"
- Etzioni and his co-editors declared in their statement of
- purpose, "we say that the rights of individuals must be
- balanced with responsibilities to the community."
- </p>
- <p> Rights and Responsibilities, the magazine's subtitle,
- represents shorthand for a public debate that extends far
- beyond Etzioni and his coterie. William F. Buckley Jr. in his
- latest book, Gratitude, puts an old-line conservative
- imprimatur on national service. The February issue of Harper's
- features a symposium on whether the Constitution needs a "Bill
- of Duties" to offset the Bill of Rights. The Harper's panel,
- which included Harvard law professor Mary Ann Glendon, a
- co-editor of Responsive Community, came to no firm conclusion.
- But Glendon conveyed a sense of how communitarians view
- personal responsibility with this hypothetical constitutional
- language: "The nurture and education of children are duties
- primarily incumbent on the parents."
- </p>
- <p> The communitarians did not plan to make their assault on the
- public consciousness just as the nation began fighting in the
- Persian Gulf. But a rethinking of the relationship between a
- citizen and his country is particularly apt at a time when
- America is waging its first major war in this century with a
- volunteer army. Encouraged by the suddenly reawakened sense of
- national community, Etzioni observes that often "war brings out
- latent things in a society."
- </p>
- <p> Ideas develop at their own pace, but American intellectual
- movements these days tend to be born over lunch. Supply-side
- economics flowered in 1974 when economist Arthur Laffer drew
- tax and revenue curves on a cocktail napkin. For
- communitarianism, the seminal breaking of the bread came last
- summer at the faculty club at George Washington University,
- where Etzioni teaches; his luncheon companion was political
- scientist William Galston, the issues director of Walter
- Mondale's 1984 presidential campaign. Sensing a shared
- perspective, Etzioni plied Galston with hypothetical conflicts.
- Are sobriety checkpoints for drivers of motor vehicles an
- infringement of civil liberties? What should the police be
- legitimately allowed to do to disrupt open-air drug markets?
- </p>
- <p> These questions represented to Etzioni case studies in which
- the aggressive defense of individual legal rights is at odds
- with the safety of the larger community. But Galston, who
- signed on as a co-editor of Responsive Community, stresses that
- his own approach "is not to water down or trump certain rights
- in the name of something else. Instead, we need to think in a
- fresh way about what rights we do have."
- </p>
- <p> Etzioni seems animated by his own agenda: intense hostility
- to legal efforts by civil libertarians to restrict police
- behavior and uphold individual rights. He says, "I'm hard put
- to find any organization that is so actively opposed to
- communitarian issues as the A.C.L.U." The American Civil
- Liberties Union already has critics to spare; George Bush made
- it a major theme of his 1988 campaign against Michael Dukakis.
- Moreover, A.C.L.U. executive director Ira Glasser argues, "The
- problem with the Etzioni group is that they assume incorrectly
- that individual rights are not a public good."
- </p>
- <p> Such skirmishes detract attention from the much broader role
- communitarianism could play amid the desolate landscape of
- American domestic policy. Who else speaks to the need to
- reanimate public service and restore civic virtue? Glendon
- captures this spirit when she says, "We are discontented with
- the orthodoxies of the right and the left. My hope is that
- there is a constituency in America for truth telling, moderation
- and complexity." Several articles in the inaugural issue of
- Responsive Community provide tantalizing hints of new ways of
- looking at old problems. Galston, for one, suggests a bold
- reformulation of divorce laws to emphasize the needs of
- children over the financial and emotional demands of their
- parents.
- </p>
- <p> Communitarianism is an idea still in flux, more than a
- slogan but less than a coherent philosophy. Even the name may
- give way to something more catchy; Galston tentatively offered
- up "neo-progressives." But whatever the label and whatever its
- political future, it is an encouraging sign that thinkers are
- groping to find alternatives to the selfishness inherent in
- interest-group liberalism and conservative laissez-faire
- economics.
- </p>
-
- </body></article>
- </text>
-
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